Porn, like books, may express certain ideas about men, women, and sex, and those ideas may have political ramifications—but just as controversial books are protected, porn should be. Feminists might criticize me for looking at porn, but they shouldn't talk; they obviously look at it, too, or they couldn't criticize it. Feminists should take a lesson from my parents—they don't like loud music and won't have it in their houses, but they don't go around saying it's harmful to everyone or trying to prevent others from listening to it. But notice that the prediction is qualified by "may" (as opposed to "will") and "many" (as opposed to all), and that the consequences predicted are not especially far-fetched. I agree with them that if an industry is mistreating people, it needs to be reformed, and they are doing a public service by pointing out such abuses. But this argument ignores the fact that the print pornography industry alone earns more money each year than the entire "legitimate" bookselling industry. The author doesn't assume that his or her personal experience is necessarily relevant or generalize from a few people he or she knows; instead, he or she refers to "crime statistics.". Feminists should take a lesson from my parents—they don't like loud music and won't have it in their houses, but they don't go around saying it's harmful to everyone or trying to prevent others from listening to it. 前言:前几天,有朋友留言,说想要了解德国德语等级考试的信息。所以,今天小编和大家讲讲德国的德语等级考试有哪些,以及这些证书都有何用处?另外需要注意的事,在德国的这些德语等级考试基本也都是全球范围内统一承认的。国内的语言等级考试如四级、六级之类的具体级别分类和证书用途,在今天这篇文章内不涉及。, 能够理解并使用日常用语和非常简单的句子,表达具体要求。能够自我介绍,介绍他人,向他人询问个人情况并能回答这类问题,例如,住在哪儿,认识哪些人,有哪些东西等。如果谈话伙伴说话缓慢、清楚而且乐于帮助,能够进行简单交流。, 要达到这个水平,根据原有基础及学习条件的不同,必须具有80至200学时(1学时为45分钟)的德语学习基础。, 申请家庭团聚签证、互惠生签证等,需要掌握基本德语知识。基本德语知识是指“欧洲语言共同参照标准”初级水平 A1 所要求掌握的德语知识,包括您理解并运用熟悉的日常短语和简单句子(例如:问路、购物等)。您应该能作自我介绍和介绍他人,提出并回答有关您本人的问题。例如:您住在哪里?或者您认识哪些人?您也应该能够书写一点德文,如:能够在官方机构的表格上填写姓名、住址、国籍等信息。, 能够理解直接关及身边事物的句子和常用语(例如关于个人、家庭、购物、工作或周围环境)。能够在简单的日常情景中就大家熟悉的事物进行交流。能够使用简单的话描述自己的来历和学历、身边的环境以及与基本需要相关的事物。, 可以帮助申请大学语言班,也是找工作的加分点。小编建议来德国读大学的同学,最好在国内至少读完德语A2等级。这样申请大学要好一点,毕竟德国只给你18个月考过DSH或者德福入学考试,不然等到签证到期,语言等级没考过就必须回国了。A2是小编建议大家来德国留学时语言最低标准,其实最好过了B1,这样基本一年内过DSH德语入学考试就没什么问题了,而且B1的德语水平可以帮助你顺利过签证这关!, 在使用清晰的标准语言以及涉及工作、学校、业余时间等方面的平常事物时,能够理解话中要点。能够应对旅游时在语言方面碰到的大多数问题。能够简单有条理地表述平常话题和个人兴趣领域。能够表述经历和事件,描述梦境、希望和目标,简要论证或解释计划和观点。, 为达到此一等级,您需要上过350至650堂课(1堂课为45分钟)– 视您原有的基础而定。, 能够了解主要内容数据,如果使用的是清楚的标准德语,谈 的是工作、学业、休闲等范围的事。, 除了上面说的对申请大学语言班、留学、工作有好处外,B1是所有留德华人都想要过的德语语言等级的最低标准。为什么?因为B1等级语言考试是你要拿德国长居或者德国国籍的语言等级最低标准!很多已经满足拿德国长居的留德华人,却因为考不过德语B1语言考试,而无法拿到德国绿卡。, 但是小编希望大家不要放弃,因为按照课时标准来算,如果每天学习1小时德语,从零基础起,一年以内拿下B1考试是没有问题的!所以,想要考B1就要开始学习德语哦~ 加油!, 能够理解具体或抽象主题的复杂文章的主要内容;在自己精通的专业范围内能够理解专业性讨论。能自如流畅地交流,在与母语者正常交谈时双方都不会感到太吃力。能够在一个较宽泛的主题范围内清楚而详尽地表达自己的看法,阐释对某一当前问题的观点,罗列各种可能性的优点和缺点。, 对于学习艺术的同学,拿到B2语言等级,基本申请大学就没有问题啦!因为德国对于艺术生的语言要求没有像其他专业那么高。, 能够看懂难度较高、篇幅较长及内容广泛的文章,并能把握字里行间的内在含义。能够自如流畅地表达,而不必常常费力地寻找合适的词汇。能在社会交往、工作或接受培训和在大学求学时,有效并灵活地运用语言。能就复杂的事物清楚、有条理和详尽地表达自己的看法,同时能使用不同的表达,以进行上下文的衔接。, 要达到这个级别水平,您需要具有800至1000学时(1学时为45分钟)的德语学习基础。, 歌德学院的语言证书在全世界范围内都享有很高的知名度,在许多国家的工作和再深造领域均颇受青睐。 对于外国学生来说,如果拥有歌德中级证书C1,在不同的德国大学和高校以及许多大学预备部就可以免除语言录取考试。基本和DSH以及TestDaf的认可一致。, 能毫不费力地理解几乎所有听到和看到的内容,能够汇总不同的书面和口头信息,并能逻辑地概括其原因或作出解释。能够自如流畅和准确地表达自己的看法,同时能就较复杂的事物,更加精确地表达词义的差别。, 根据不同的知识储备以及学习条件,要达到这个级别水平,您需要至少1000学时(1学时45分钟)。, 歌德学院的证书在全世界拥有很高的知名度,并且作为语言资格证明在许多国家受到雇主和教育机构的青睐。 歌德语言证书C2(GDS)是获得德国高校和大学认可的外国学生入学必备语言水平证明。目前仍在有效期之内的ZOP、KDS 和GDS考试证书应然可作为入学语言证明。德国各个联邦州均认可该考试为教师资格语言证明。各联邦州的教育部、学校和教师培训部、区政府、市政府等部门均承认该考试。, C2应该是德语考试的最高等级了,定义是接近于母语。而且考试内容不限于标准德语,听力题内还有各地方言以及瑞士德语和奥地利德语,另外,阅读和写作内容都是比较学术性的,句子组合较为复杂。, TestDaF考试也被称作“德福”考试,是一种权威性的德语语言考试,对象是以赴德留学为目的的外国学习德语者或一般只想证明自己德语语言水平的人。TestDaF考试分为四部分:阅读理解、听力理解、 笔头表达和口头表达。如您的德语水平达到最高级TDN5,那么您在德国的学习将不再会有语言障碍,而且你的成绩将被德国的所有高校认可。而德国的各个高校都有自己的录取标准,请您在申请入学时向您所希望就读的大学了解对德福考试成绩的要求,有些大学在其网页上已公布了对德福成绩的要求。, 报考人员应在报名参加考试之前就有700至1000学时(1学时为45分钟)的德语学习基础。考试报名不需要德语证明。, 如果您在考试的四个部分里都分别达到德福4级,那么您的德福考试成绩证书就能在德国所有的高校被承认为入学申请语言证明。德福考试也是国际公认的研究计划和学术职业的德语水平证明。 TestDaF考试(“德福”考试)的成绩可以用来申请留学签证。, 高校德语水平考试DSH(Deutsche Sprachpruefung fuer den Hochschulzugang auslaendischer Studienbewerber),对那些想去德国留学的外国人而言,最重要的德语考试当然就要数高校德语水平考试——DSH了。DSH以前叫做PNdS,在德国,一年只举行两次,都是在开学前由大学或是少数与学校有特殊合作关系的语言班举办,考过了通常可以通行全德国。而DSH考试通常只在德国举办,故许多人为了参加DSH考试,不远万里来到德国,而大部分人随在国内已经参加了800学时的德语培训,可是最终还是因为不能通过DSH考试。以前DSH考试是只允许考生在全德范围内考两次,如果两次都没有考过,就只能不得不离开德国。值得庆幸的事,这个不近人情的规定终于在2014年左右取消啦!从此大家可以多次尝试多个大学的DSH考试。, 根据不同的知识储备以及学习条件,要达到这个级别水平,您需要至少850学时(1学时45分钟)。, * 需要注意的是,DSH考试因为是德国各个大学自己出题的,因此就会出现难易等级不同的状况。有些大学的DSH考试是出了名的全德国最难的,比如小编考的马儿堡大学DSH,但是好处是全德国的所有大学都承认!有些大学的DSH因为太简单,会有些大学不承认这个大学的DSH。所以大家在报考之前,可以详细的问下自己的德语老师!. This is the overall conclusion. 原创阅读理解破题大法,适用于国内外输入类考试(高考,四级,六级,雅思,托福,GRE)的阅读部分;每个视频都有配套讲义及强化练习题;适用于国内外考试的长难句大法反转省略;, 4. The feminist argument that pornography is harmful lacks adequate support. Feminists acknowledge that scientific studies have failed to show that porn harms women.
If there had been only a few such studies, or if we had reason to believe they were unreliable, we should conclude that nothing has yet been shown about whether porn harms women. My concern about this proposal is that although it will not legally be censorship, since the law would not empower the government to stop anyone from producing material based on the ideas it contains, the civil rights statute will have the same effect as censorship. My concern about this proposal is that although it will not legally be censorship, since the law would not empower the government to stop anyone from producing material based on the ideas it contains, the civil rights statute will have the same effect as censorship. This sentence assumes there are several possible ways, instead of setting up a false dichotomy. But I think that when reliable studies have repeatedly failed to show a relationship, that fact constitutes some evidence that the relationship doesn't exist. But what sort of reform are feminists proposing?One suggestion I know about has been made by Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin, who argue that there should be a civil rights statute that allows anyone who has been harmed by porn to seek civil damages from pornographers. Pornographers may be so afraid of facing lawsuits that many of them will stop producing porn—and a situation where people are afraid to put forward certain kinds of writing or pictures because they will face legal consequences seems to violate the spirit, if not the letter, of the first amendment. Men and women who look at porn should know better than to think that it gives a realistic picture of sexual relationships between men and women. 可以帮助申请大学语言班,也是找工作的加分点。小编建议来德国读大学的同学,最好在国内至少读完德语a2等级。这样申请大学要好一点,毕竟德国只给你18个月考过dsh或者德福入学考试,不然等到签证到期,语言等级没考过就必须回国了。 "I read it"=ad populum, "I don't see how"=appeal to ignorance; also, hasty generalization to "Playboy" (as opposed to other porn) and on arguer's own experience. Ad baculum: A fallacy we didn't discuss, in which the arguer basically says, "If you don't agree with my conclusion, bad things will happen to you."